1. Laying Plans

Concept

• 5 Essential factors of conducting war/campaign:

• Moral Law – why do we go into war? People fight for what they believe in, so be clear on this.
• Heaven - circumstance / political athmosphere
• Earth - direct measurement: how much, how long, to gain what?
• Commander – manifests the “virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.” (#ch01:v9)
• Methodology - the strategy by which the enterprise will carry out the war/expedition/campaign

• The 5 factor is a model by which any campaign can be measured.

Attitude

• War is no trivial matter – “it is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin” (#ch01:v2) – it can not be taken lightly.
• The leader of the campaign of this scale will determine success of failure. Measure the commander by his/her adeptness on the art of war.
• War is never static, the rules are ever-changing.
  “According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one’s plans. ” (#ch01:v17)

Execution

• ‘All warfare is based on deception.’ (#ch01:v18) – the most effective offense is one that the enemy did not expect (thus, he will have no means to defend or prepare for it). The same goes for defence and the operations of war in general.
• At the highest level, war is a form of combat, an exchange of offence and defence governed by what you and your opponent perceive of each other. At all times, don’t let your opponent perceive your intent.

Text

 1. Sun Tzu said:  The art of war is of vital importance
    to the State.

 2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either
    to safety or to ruin.  Hence it is a subject of inquiry
    which can on no account be neglected.

 3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant
    factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
    when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.

 4. These are:  (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;
    (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.

5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete
    accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
    regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.

 7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,
    times and seasons.

 8. Earth comprises distances, great and small;
    danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
    the chances of life and death.

 9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,
    sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.

10. By method and discipline are to be understood
    the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
    the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
    of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
    control of military expenditure.

11. These five heads should be familiar to every general:
    he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
    not will fail.

12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking
    to determine the military conditions, let them be made
    the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--

13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued
        with the Moral law?
    (2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
    (3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
        and Earth?
    (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
    (5) Which army is stronger?
    (6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
    (7) In which army is there the greater constancy
        both in reward and punishment?

14. By means of these seven considerations I can
    forecast victory or defeat.

15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
    upon it, will conquer:  let such a one be retained in command!
    The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
    will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!

    # don't hesitate to dismiss unusable generals, think of the
    # consequences of NOT doing it. 

16. While heading the profit of my counsel,
    avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
    over and beyond the ordinary rules.

17. According as circumstances are favorable,
    one should modify one's plans.

18. All warfare is based on deception.

19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;
    when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
    are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
    when far away, we must make him believe we are near.

20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy.  Feign disorder,
    and crush him.

21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
    If he is in superior strength, evade him.

22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to
    irritate him.  Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.

23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
    If his forces are united, separate them.

24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where
    you are not expected.

25. These military devices, leading to victory,
    must not be divulged beforehand.

26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many
    calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
    The general who loses a battle makes but few
    calculations beforehand.  Thus do many calculations
    lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:
    how much more no calculation at all!  It is by attention
    to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.